Tectonic movements pdf

Ghosh ample aggradations downstream of fault and and PF shows two separate convexities in long valley widening. Accordingly, Kasai River shows the same There is a considerable increase in channel gra- kind of signatures, having mean Sc variation of dient 0.

In upstream of GKF, there The elevation of channel bed decreases are considerable topographic expressions e. In the upstream of BMF, the doned channels of floodplain subsidence. It reflects low of study reach, the major lineament controls the entropy, high fluvial incision and sudden trigger steep channel gradient, as suggested from high SL of high energy due to upliftment along GKF. SL of — m.

The unparallel alluvial terraces, narrowness of thal- variable change of slope and bed elevation may weg and traces of Quaternary faults along the be the resultant effect of neo-tectonic bulge river banks. These showing frequent pulse of SL towards down- anomalies of channel gradient and stream power stream Sc variation of 0. Accordingly, the Tamal River these faults. Illambazar Formation. Below the GKF, the river This river is local base level controlled, showing floodplain shows high entropy Sc variation of frequent sign of incision and deposition.

The mean bed elevation drops from Something differently the Khari River smaller It is found of faulting Fig. A similar situation is The development of meander neck-cutoff and also observed in Kunur River Fig. The role of SBF is quite uplift.

Below GKF, there is a steady decrease of prominent, restricting the oscillation of river SL 85—13 m and the high entropy features of along a lineament Fig. The channel floodplain aggradations are quite prominent, as slope varies from 0. Due to this knick point effect, value of greater than 40 m and it increases up to the index value of SL escalates up to m, 71 m.

The upstream degradation shows nar- flooding, valley widening and raised channel row and deep valley and alluvial terraces, and bars. The influence of basalt trap structure and The chan- The distribution of the elevations within a basin nel slope of Brahmani bed elevation range of provides information on the balance between Hypsometric the original volume of the basin.

High HI indi- integral HI , a dimensionless parameter, is pro- cates that most of the topography is high relative posed by Strahler The advantage of HI is to the mean representing a youthful topography those users calculate and compare different sins stage Keller and Pinter Intermediate to of different areas irrespective of scale.

Hypso- low HI represents more evenly dissected drainage metric analysis or area-altitude analysis is the basin, indicating a mature stage of development. The index values of HI have been used to Kasai drainage system, it is found that the index differentiate between erosional landforms at dif- values of HI increase from 0.

HI is an mean of 0. The three sub- 0. Similarly range of 0. In the six interfluves, the index values vary from 0. Ghosh This index is similar to the SL index in that basin. Using the geomorphic index viz. For most of the stream net- younger landscape and dissected relief, possibly works that formed and continued in stable set- produced by active tectonics. The occurrence of ting, the asymmetry factor AF should equal gullies and badlands in the lateritic interfluves of about 50 neutral value.

The minor rivers of these peninsular rivers has proved the active floodplain or pediments or plateau fringe are very phase of fluvial incision.

In this case, the high HI sensitive to minimal tectonic up-warping or could also result from recent incision into a down-warping. So, AF is sensitive to tilting per- young geomorphic surface formed by the depo- pendicular to the trend of the trunk of high-order sition. Comparing the HI values, two groups can river in the basin. According to Keller and 0.

The caused a left to the drainage basin, the tributaries range of higher to lower values of hypsometric to the left of the main stream will be shorter integral suggests that vast amount of mass is compared with the ones to the right side of the subjected to denudational process while loss of stream with an asymmetry factor greater than 50, materials has been eroded Anand and Pradhan and vice versa.

The lower HI values in the basins resulted The four sub-basins areal coverage of 2. The The four watershed in respect of base level of erosion and sub-basins areal coverage of 8. In this analysis, the range of HI tilting of left side of the basins. In the six sub- 0. The regional up-warping or tilting , maintaining influence of PF, GKF and BSF makes the trunk mature equilibrium to slightly dis-equilibrium streams to tilt more left side of the basins. In the stage of landform development in the western sub-basins areal coverage of The sub-basins areal coverage Factor of The tec- for preferred migration of the valley in the down- tonic blocks between BSF, PF and GKF have dip direction, producing a symmetric valley Cox differential topographic levels may be included ; Mahmood and Gloahuen The steep sides are and McFadden is a geomorphic index created by displacement on faults such that the conceived to discriminate asymmetric valley valley floor moves downs relative to the sur- shapes due to regional tectonic activity.

Because rounding margins, or conversely the margins uplift is associated with incision, the index is move up relative to the floor. This movement thought to be a proxy for active tectonics where results in basin tilting and causes the river to low values of VF are associated with higher rates migrate laterally and deviate from the basin of uplift and incision. Deep V-shaped valleys midline. It is observed response to relative tectonics quiescence Keller that the basins, situated upstream of PF and SBF ; Keller and Pinter ; Mahmood and zone of active deformation , show considerable Gloahuen In this study, a distance basin elongation, suggesting tectonic uplift of between 2 and 4 km is set to measure the geo- laterite block and the downstream of PF, the morphic index along the river valleys, taking inconsistent nature of basin shapes is observed, more than one cross-sections of DEM upstream reflecting quasi-equilibrium fluvial system in of faults for mean value derivation.

The sub- response to active tectonics with regional vari- basins of the rivers are mainly taken into ations of subsidence and uplift in western shelf of consideration.

Relatively young channel response that will be superimposed on drainage basins in active tectonics areas tend to the long-term tectonic effects. Major valley be elongated in shape. The elongated shapes are deformation or total disruption of the river sys- transformed into circular basins, as tectonic tem can be the result of long-term tectonism. It is activity reduces with time and continued topo- proposed that stream gradients and valley floor graphic evolution Bull and McFadden In the terrain, the stream has been directed primarily to down- the tectonic forces act as geomorphic extrinsic cutting; by contrast, a lack of continuing rapid threshold, and the landform elements of fluvial uplift permits widening of the basins upstream systems depicts complex response to that event at from the active fault zone.

The ER value nearer to variable time scale. From the study, it is realized 1 suggests highly elongated basin with regional that due to variability of spatial scale of river impact of active tectonics.

In the sub-basins of basins each basin can react differently against the Silai—Kasai interfluves, the index values of same seismic event, producing anomalous land- ER vary from 0. For example, when a small anomalous nature of basin elongation drainage basin, like Kunur or Khari, was reju- Table The sub-basins of Dwarkeswar venated, the system responded not simply by River show ER range of 0.

The PF. In the six sub-basins of Damodar—Ajay rivers of shelf zone do not maintain a steady-state interfluves, ER varies from 0. ER ranges over some threshold into a next equilibrium between 0. The meandering rivers, like alluvial terraces in the alluvial valley. The par- Khari and Kunur, cross-tectonic downwarps allel to unparallel terraces are recognized in the between PF and GKF Ajay—Damodar inter- rivers of Ajay, Khari, Kunur, Damodar and Kasai fluves , and they tend to be more sinuous on the at different elevation levels reflecting channel upstream flank and less sinuous on the down- shifting and incision Figs.

It has been suggested that overbank The recur- straight course in between faults. In general, the rent occurrences of floods in Ajay, Kunur, Khari, river meanders high oscillation in active flood- Kasai and Silai Rivers are observed in the region plain due to minimum expenditure of energy in of floodplain subsidence.

The old floodplain becomes a river floodplains of Bhagirathi-Hooghly River. The terrace—an inactive bench stranded above the domal uplift across Kasai and Silai Rivers shows new level of the river. Repeated episodes of annular growth of drainage pattern and anoma- downcutting may preserve several terraces above lous nature of sinuosity Fig. There is an a river. Faults are as likely to cut the surface of a increase in sinuosity on the downstream side of fluvial terrace as any other landform.

The river uplift as the valley floor is steepened. On the valley of Damdoar shows several glimpses of upstream side of the uplift channel, more Quaternary faults in the terraces between PF and straightening is observed. In the upstream side of GKF Fig. The fault cut a given surface uplift BMF and PF , the suspended sediment- generating steep bank height , and this faulting load rivers, like Kunur and Khari, more devel- is known to postdate the age of the terrace opment of neck-cutoff and palaeochannels is surface.

These seismic shocks can due to recurrent seismic activity. The floodplain develop seismites sand dykes and SSDS de- signatures of palaeochannels, abandoned chan- formation of clay and sandy-silt beds in the nels, low lying depressions, swamps and channel fluvial facies.

The course of Damodar while shifting reflect the evidence of subsidence traversing through Barddhaman becomes WNW- between Rhondia and Jujuti. Ghosh steadily decreases with maintaining linearity up value of standard sinuosity index is estimated to Palla.

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